Non-polar ethylene-based polymer compositions for encapsulant films

ABSTRACT

An encapsulant film is made from a composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R 1 -R 6  each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C 1 -C 8  hydrocarbyl group, a C 1 -C 36  substituted hydrocarbyl group, and combinations thereof.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to non-polar ethylene-based polymer compositions for encapsulant films. In one aspect, the disclosure relates to non-polar ethylene-based polymer compositions having high volume resistivity, while in another aspect, the disclosure relates to encapsulant films comprising a non-polar ethylene-based polymer composition and electronic devices including the same.

BACKGROUND

The global demand for alternative energy has resulted in large increases in solar panel and photovoltaic (PV) module production over the last decade. The solar cells (also called PV cells) that convert solar energy into electrical energy are extremely fragile and must be surrounded by a durable encapsulant film. Two main functions of the encapsulant film are to (1) bond the solar cell to the glass coversheet and the backsheet and (2) protect the PV module from environmental stress (e.g., moisture, temperature, shock, vibration, electrical isolation, etc.).

In order to be used as an encapsulant film, a film must show (a) good lamination performance, (b) strong adhesion with glass, the PV cell, and the backsheet, (c) good electrical insulation (low leakage current, high volume resistivity), (d) good optical transparency, (e) low water vapor permeability and moisture absorption, (f) good creep resistance, (g) stability in UV exposure, and (h) good weathering. Current encapsulant films are primarily made of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) because EVA shows a good balance of (a)-(h). EVA is a type of ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic ester copolymer in which the unsaturated carboxylic ester comonomer is a vinyl carboxylate. Because EVA is so readily used to form encapsulant films, numerous additive packages have been developed to enhance one or more of (a)-(h).

Non-polar polyolefins, such as ethylene-based elastomers that are not ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic ester copolymers, have been used to make encapsulant films, yet require organic peroxide and a coupling agent, generally a silane coupling agent, in order to adhere to glass sufficiently. A crosslinking co-agent is typically used with the non-polar polyolefin-based encapsulant films in order to obtain sufficient glass adhesion. However, many conventional crosslinking agents are problematic because they reduce the volume resistivity of the encapsulant film. Consequently, the art recognizes the need for crosslinking co-agents that provide sufficient glass adhesion and improve volume resistivity for encapsulant films.

SUMMARY

The disclosure provides an encapsulant film comprising a composition, the composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₆ is each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl, a C₁-C₈ substituted hydrocarbyl and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides an electronic device module comprising an electronic device, and at least one film composed of a crosslinked polymeric composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) a silane coupling agent; and (C) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I, as described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary photovoltaic module.

DEFINITIONS AND TEST METHODS

Any reference to the Periodic Table of Elements is that as published by CRC Press, Inc., 1990-1991. Reference to a group of elements in this table is by the new notation for numbering groups.

For purposes of United States patent practice, the contents of any referenced patent, patent application or publication are incorporated by reference in their entirety (or its equivalent US version is so incorporated by reference) especially with respect to the disclosure of definitions (to the extent not inconsistent with any definitions specifically provided in this disclosure) and general knowledge in the art.

The numerical ranges disclosed herein include all values from, and including, the lower and upper value. For ranges containing explicit values (e.g., 1 or 2, or 3 to 5, or 6, or 7), any subrange between any two explicit values is included (e.g., 1 to 2; 2 to 6; 5 to 7; 3 to 7; 5 to 6; etc.). Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percents are based on weight and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.

“Blend”, “polymer blend” and like terms mean a composition of two or more polymers. Such a blend may or may not be miscible. Such a blend may or may not be phase separated. Such a blend may or may not contain one or more domain configurations, as determined from transmission electron spectroscopy, light scattering, x-ray scattering, and any other method used to measure and/or identify domain configurations. Blends are not laminates, but one or more layers of a laminate may contain a blend.

“Composition,” as used herein, includes a mixture of materials which comprise the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the materials of the composition.

The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether or not the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term “comprising” may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, “consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term “consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure not specifically listed. The term “or,” unless stated otherwise, refers to the listed members individual as well as in any combination. Use of the singular includes use of the plural and vice versa.

Crosslinking or cure is tested using a moving die rheometer. The moving die rheometer (MDR) is loaded with 5 grams of each sample. The MDR is run for 25 minutes and the time v. torque curve is produced for the samples over the given interval. The MDR is run at 130° C. and 150° C. The 130° C. represents the maximum film fabrication temperature. The 150° C. represents the module lamination temperature. The maximum torque (MH) exerted by the MDR during the 25 minute testing interval is reported in dNm. The MH usually corresponds to the torque exerted at 25 minutes. The time it takes for torque to reach X % of MH (t_(x)) is reported in minutes. t_(x) is a standardized measurement to understand the curing kinetics of each resin. The time to reach 90% of MH (T₉₀) is reported in minutes.

Density of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is measured in accordance with ASTM D1525). Density of the non-polar ethylene-based polymers is measured in accordance with ASTM D792. The result is recorded in grams (g) per cubic centimeter (g/cc or g/cm³).

“Direct Contact” means a layer configuration whereby a first layer is located immediately adjacent to a second layer and no intervening layers or no intervening structures are present between the first layer and the second layer.

An “ethylene-based polymer” is a polymer that contains more than 50 weight percent polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the total amount of polymerizable monomers) and, optionally, may contain at least one comonomer. Ethylene-based polymer includes ethylene homopolymer, and ethylene copolymer (meaning units derived from ethylene and one or more comonomers). The terms “ethylene-based polymer” and “polyethylene” may be used interchangeably. Non-limiting examples of ethylene-based polymer (polyethylene) include low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear polyethylene. Non-limiting examples of linear polyethylene include linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), multi-component ethylene-based copolymer (EPE), ethylene/α-olefin multi-block copolymers (also known as olefin block copolymer (OBC)), single-site catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (m-LLDPE), substantially linear, or linear, plastomers/elastomers, medium density polyethylene (MDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, polyethylene may be produced in gas-phase, fluidized bed reactors, liquid phase slurry process reactors, or liquid phase solution process reactors, using a heterogeneous catalyst system, such as Ziegler-Natta catalyst, a homogeneous catalyst system, comprising Group 4 transition metals and ligand structures such as metallocene, non-metallocene metal-centered, heteroaryl, heterovalent aryloxyether, phosphinimine, and others. Combinations of heterogeneous and/or homogeneous catalysts also may be used in either single reactor or dual reactor configurations.

Glass adhesion strength (maximum glass adhesion strength and average glass adhesion strength from 1″ to 2″) is measured by the 180° peel test. Cuts are made through the backsheet and film layers of each of the laminated samples (e.g., comparative example and inventive example formulations) to divide each laminated sample into three 1-inch wide strip specimens, with the strips still adhered to the glass layer. The 180° peel test is conducted on an Instron™ 5565 under controlled ambient conditions. The initial glass adhesion and the glass adhesion after aging (Damp Heating (DH) aging test) at 85° C. and 85% humidity for 500 hours and 1000 hours are tested. Results are reported in Newtons/cm. Three specimens are tested to get the average glass adhesion strength for each sample at each condition.

Glass transition temperature (Tg) is measured according to ASTM-D3418-15.

“Hydrocarbyl group” and “hydrocarbon” refer to substituents containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, including branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic, polycyclic or acyclic species, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl-, cycloalkyl-, alkenyl-, alkadienyl-, cycloalkenyl-, cycloalkadienyl-, aryl-, aralkyl, alkylaryl, and alkynyl-groups. “Substituted hydrocarbyl group” and “substituted hydrocarbon” refer to a hydrocarbyl group that is substituted with one or more nonhydrocarbyl substituent groups. A non-limiting example of a nonhydrocarbyl substituent group is a heteroatom. A “heteroatom” refers to an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. The heteroatom can be a non-carbon atom from Groups IV, V, VI and VII of the Periodic Table. Non-limiting examples of heteroatoms include: F, N, O, P, B, S, and Si. “Alkyl group” refers to a saturated linear, cyclic, or branched hydrocarbon group. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), etc. In one embodiment, the alkyls have 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

“Interpolymer,” as used herein, refers to polymers prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The generic term interpolymer thus includes copolymers (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers), and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.

Melt index (MI) is measured in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190° C., 2.16 kg and reported in grams per 10 minutes (g/10 min).

Melting point (Tm) is measured according to ASTM D3418-15.

“Non-polar ethylene-based polymer” and like terms refer to an ethylene-based polymer that does not have a permanent dipole, i.e., the polymer does not have a positive end and a negative end, and is void of heteroatoms and functional groups. “Functional group” and like terms refer to a moiety or group of atoms responsible for giving a particular compound its characteristic reactions. Non-limiting examples of functional groups include heteroatom-containing moieties, oxygen-containing moieties (e.g., alcohol, aldehyde, ester, ether, ketone, and peroxide groups), and nitrogen-containing moieties (e.g., amide, amine, azo, imide, imine, nitrate, nitrile, and nitrite groups). A “heteroatom” is an atom other than carbon or hydrogen, as defined above.

“Photovoltaic cell”, “PV cell” and like terms is a structure that contains one or more photovoltaic effect materials of any of several inorganic or organic types which are known in the art and from prior art photovoltaic module teachings. For example, commonly used photovoltaic effect materials include one or more of the known photovoltaic effect materials including but not limited to crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS), copper indium selenide (CIS), cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, dye-sensitized materials, and organic solar cell materials. As shown in FIG. 1 , PV cells are typically employed in a laminate structure and have at least one light-reactive surface that converts the incident light into electric current. Photovoltaic cells are generally packaged into photovoltaic modules that protect the cell(s) and permit their usage in their various application environments, typically in outdoor applications. PV cells may be flexible or rigid in nature and include the photovoltaic effect materials and any protective coating surface materials that are applied in their production as well as appropriate wiring and electronic driving circuitry.

“Photovoltaic module”, “PV module” and like terms refer to a structure including a PV cell. A PV module may also include a cover sheet, front encapsulant film, rear encapsulant film and backsheet, with the PV cell sandwiched between the front encapsulant film and rear encapsulant film.

“Polymer,” as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer thus embraces the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure), and the term interpolymer as previously defined. Trace amounts of impurities, for example, catalyst residues, may be incorporated into and/or within the polymer.

The volume resistivity is tested according to a Dow method, which is based on ASTM D257. The measurement is made using a Keithley 6517 B electrometer, combined with the Keithley 8009 test fixture. The Keithley model 8009 test chamber is located inside the forced air oven and is capable of operating at elevated temperatures (the maximum temperature of the oven is 80° C.). The leakage current is directly read from the instrument and the following equation is used to calculate the volume resistivity:

$\rho = \frac{V \times A}{I \times t}$ where ρ is the volume resistivity (ohm·cm), V is applied voltage (volts), A is electrode contact area (cm²), I is the leakage current (amps) and t is the average thickness of the sample. To get the average thickness of the samples, the thickness of each sample is measured before the tests, with five points of the sample measured to get an average thickness. The volume resistivity test is conducted at 1000 voltage at room temperature (RT) and 60° C. Two compression molded films are tested to get the average.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment, the disclosure provides an encapsulant film comprising a composition, the composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₆ each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁-C₃₆ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and combinations thereof. Composition

A composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound having Structure I, as described above, is used to form an encapsulant film.

(A) Non-Polar Ethylene-Based Polymer

The composition comprises a non-polar ethylene-based polymer.

In an embodiment, the non-polar ethylene-based polymer has a density from 0.850 g/cc, or 0.855 g/cc, or 0.860 g/cc, or 0.865 g/cc, or 0.870 g/cc to 0.875 g/cc, or 0.880 g/cc, or 0.885 g/cc, or 0.890 g/cc, or 0.900 g/cc.

In an embodiment, the non-polar ethylene-based polymer has a melting point from 40° C., or 45° C., or 50° C., or 55° C. to 60° C., or 65° C., or 70° C., or 80° C., or 90° C., or 95° C., or 100° C., or 110° C., or 120° C., or 125° C.

In an embodiment, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is from −35° C., or −40° C., or −45° C. or −50° C. to −80° C., or −85° C., or −90° C., or −95° C., or −100° C.

In an embodiment, the melt index (MI) of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is from 2 g/10 min, or 5 g/10 min, or 10 g/10 min, or 12 g/10 min to 30 g/10 min, or 35 g/10 min, or 40 g/10 min, or 45 g/10 min, or 50 g/10 min.

In an embodiment, the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer. Ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymers can be random or block interpolymers.

Alpha-olefins are hydrocarbon molecules composed of hydrocarbon molecules comprising (i) only one ethylenic unsaturation, this unsaturation located between the first and second carbon atoms, and (ii) at least 3 carbon atoms, or of 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or in some cases of 4 to 10 carbon atoms and in other cases of 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable α-olefins from which the copolymers are prepared include propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-dodecene, and mixtures of two or more of these monomers.

Non-limiting examples of suitable ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymers include ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, and ethylene/butene/1-octene interpolymers. In an embodiment, the ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer is a copolymer. Non-limiting examples of suitable ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers include ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/butene copolymers, ethylene/1-hexene copolymers, and ethylene/1-octene copolymers.

In an embodiment, the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer. The ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a density of 0.850 g/cc, or 0.855 g/cc, or 0.860 g/cc, or         0.865 g/cc, or 0.870 g/cc to 0.875 g/cc, or 0.880 g/cc, or 0.885         g/cc, or 0.890 g/cc, or 0.900 g/cc;     -   (ii) a melt index of 2 g/10 min, or 5 g/10 min, or 10 g/10 min,         or 12 g/10 min to 30 g/10 min, or 35 g/10 min, or 40 g/10 min,         or 45 g/10 min, or 50 g/10 min; and/or     -   (iii) a melting point (Tm) of 40° C., or 45° C., or 50° C., or         55° C. to 60° C., or 65° C., or 70° C., or 80° C., or 90° C., or         95° C., or 100° C., or 110° C., or 120° C., or 125° C.

In an embodiment, the ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer has at least 2, or all 3 of properties (i)-(iii).

In an embodiment, the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is present in the composition in an amount of from 50 weight percent (wt %), or 80 wt %, or 95 wt % to 98.5 wt %, or 98.75 wt %, or 99.0 wt %, or 99.5 wt %, or less than 100 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

Blends of non-polar ethylene-based polymers may also be used, and the non-polar ethylene-based polymers may be blended or diluted with one or more other polymers to the extent that the polymers are (i) miscible with one another, (ii) the other polymers have little, if any, impact on the desirable properties of the non-polar ethylene-based polymers, and (iii) the non-polar ethylene-based polymers(s) constitute from 70 wt %, or 75 wt %, or 80 wt %, or 85 wt %, or 90 wt % to 95 wt %, or 98 wt %, or 99 wt %, or less than 100 wt % of the blend.

Non-limiting examples of suitable commercially available non-polar ethylene-based polymers include ENGAGE resins from Dow Chemical, EXACT resins from EMCC, and LUCENE resins from LG Chemical.

(B) Organic Peroxide

The composition includes an organic peroxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable organic peroxides include dicumyl peroxide, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tertiary butyl perbenzoate, di(tertiary-butyl) peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl-peroxy)hexyne-3, 2,-5-di-methyl-2,5-di(t-butyl-peroxy)hexane, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, isopropyl percarbonate, alpha,alpha′-bis(tertiary-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl-monocarbonate, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroxyperoxide, t-butylcumylperoxide, alpha,alpha′-bis(t-butylperoxy)-p-diisopropyl benzene, and the like.

Non-limiting examples of suitable commercially available organic peroxides include TRIGONOX® from AkzoNobel and LUPEROX® from ARKEMA.

In an embodiment, the organic peroxide is present in the reaction composition in an amount of from 0.1 wt %, or 0.5 wt %, or 0.75 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 2 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 5 wt % based on the total weight of the reaction composition.

(C) Silane Coupling Agent

The composition includes a silane coupling agent. In an embodiment, the silane coupling agent contains at least one alkoxy group. Non-limiting examples of suitable silane coupling agents include γ-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane, vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(β-methoxy)silane, γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, β-(3,4-ethoxy-cyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-β-(aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate.

In an embodiment, the silane coupling agent is vinyl trimethoxysilane or 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate.

In an embodiment, the silane coupling agent is present in an amount of from 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.3 wt %, or 0.5 wt %, or 1 wt %, or 2 wt % based on the total weight of the reaction composition.

(D) Co-Agent

The composition includes a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₆ each is independently selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁-C₃₆ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₃ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₁-C₈ alkyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₁-C₈ alkyl group.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ alkyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₃ alkyl group and the co-agent has the Structure II (hexapropylmelamine, N2,N2,N4,N4,N6,N6-hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or HPM):

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₁-C₈ alkenyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₁-C₈ alkenyl group.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ alkenyl group. In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is the same C₃ alkenyl group and the co-agent has the Structure III (hexaallylmelamine, N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexaallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or HAM):

The preparation of HAM is described in WO 2015/149221 and WO 2015/149634, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.

In an embodiment, each of R₁-R₆ is hydrogen and the co-agent has the Structure IV (melamine):

In an embodiment, R₁, R₄ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the co-agent has the Structure V (1,6-Hexanediamine, N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine reaction products with N-butyl-1-butanamine and N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine, available as Chimassorb 2020 from BASF):

wherein n is 1-100.

In an embodiment, R₁ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the co-agent has the Structure VI (poly [(6-morpholino-s-triazine-2,4-diyl)[2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino]-hexamethylene[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino]], available as Cyasorb UV-3345 from Cytec Industries):

wherein n is 1-100.

In an embodiment, the compound of Structure I is selected from HAM, HPM, melamine, Chimassorb 2020 and UV 3346.

In an embodiment, the co-agent is present in an amount of from 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.15 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.6 wt %, or 0.8 wt %, or 1.0 wt %, or 1.3 wt %, or 1.5 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the co-agent is composed solely of the compound having Structure I. In such embodiment, the compound having Structure I is present in an amount of from 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.15 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.6 wt %, or 0.8 wt %, or 1.0 wt %, or 1.3 wt %, or 1.5 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the co-agent comprises a blend of a compound having Structure I or Structure II and at least one other compound. In an embodiment, the co-agent comprises a blend of the compound having Structure I and at least one of (i) triallyl cyanurate (TAC) and (ii) triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC). In the blend, the compound having Structure I constitutes from greater than 0 wt %, or 1 wt %, or 20 wt %, or 50 wt % to 99 wt %, or 99.5 wt %, or less than 100 wt % based on the total weight of the blend. For example, in an embodiment in which the co-agent comprises a blend of the compound having Structure I and at least one of (i) TAC and (ii) TAIC, the compound having Structure I constitutes from greater than 0 wt %, or 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.15 wt %, or 0.2 wt %, or 0.4 wt %, or 0.6 wt %, or 0.8 wt %, or 1 wt %, or 1.3 wt %, or 1.5 wt %, or 5 wt %, or 10 wt %, or 15 wt %, or 20 wt %, or 50 wt % to 99 wt %, or 99.5 wt %, or less than 100 wt % based on the total weight of the blend, and the at least one of (i) TAC and (ii) constitutes from greater than 0 wt %, or 0.5 wt %, or 1 wt % to 50 wt %, or 80 wt %, or 99 wt % based on the total weight of the blend.

(E) Optional Additives

In an embodiment, the composition includes one or more optional additives. Non-limiting examples of suitable additives include antioxidants, anti-blocking agents, stabilizing agents, colorants, ultra-violet (UV) absorbers or stabilizers, flame retardants, compatibilizers, fillers and processing aids.

The optional additives are present in an amount of from greater than 0 wt %, or 0.01 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, or 2 wt %, or 3 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

Encapsulant Films

The composition is formed into an encapsulant film. Compositions such as those described in any above embodiment or combination of two or more embodiments are used to form the encapsulant film.

In an embodiment, the composition forms the entirety of the encapsulant film.

The (A) non-polar ethylene-based polymer, (B) organic peroxide, (C) silane coupling agent, (D) co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I and any optional additives can be added to and compounded with each other in any order or simultaneously. In an embodiment, the organic peroxide, silane coupling agent, co-agent and any optional additives are pre-mixed and the pre-mix is added to the non-polar ethylene-based polymer before or during compounding. In an embodiment, dry pellets of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer are soaked in the pre-mix and the soaked pellets are then compounded.

Non-limiting examples of suitable compounding equipment include internal batch mixers (e.g., BANBURY and BOLLING internal mixer) and continuous single or twin screw mixers (e.g., FARREL continuous mixer, BRABENDER single screw mixer, WERNER and PFLEIDERER twin screw mixers and BUSS kneading continuous extruder). The type of mixer utilized, and the operating conditions of the mixer, can affect properties of the composition such as viscosity, volume resistivity, and extruded surface smoothness.

In an embodiment, it is desirable to avoid or limit crosslinking until lamination. Premature crosslinking and/or premature decomposition of the organic peroxide can result in the encapsulant film having decreased glass adhesion. In other words, the encapsulant film remains reactive until lamination, at which point crosslinking is completed and the encapsulant film composition of the encapsulant film becomes a reaction product comprising the non-polar ethylene-based polymer, the silane coupling agent, and the co-agent, with little if any residual organic peroxide. The compounding temperature of the composition is therefore less than the decomposition temperature of the organic peroxide. In an embodiment, the compounding temperature of the composition is from 80° C., or 90° C. to 100° C., or 110° C., or 120° C.

Encapsulant Film 1: In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is composed of a composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer, (B) an organic peroxide, (C) a silane coupling agent, and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of any of Structures (I)-(VI), as described herein.

Encapsulant Film 2: In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is composed of a composition comprising (A) from 50 wt %, or 80 wt %, or 95 wt % to 98.5 wt %, or 98.75 wt %, or 99 wt %, or 99.5 wt %, or less than 100 wt %, of a non-polar ethylene-based polymer, based on the total weight of the composition, (B) from 0.1 wt %, or 0.5 wt %, or 0.75 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 2 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 5 wt % of an organic peroxide, based on the total weight of the composition, (C) from 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.3 wt %, or 0.5 wt %, or 1 wt %, or 2 wt % of a silane coupling agent, based on the total weight of the composition, (D) from 0.01 wt %, or 0.05 wt %, or 0.1 wt %, or 0.15 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.6 wt %, or 0.8 wt %, or 1.0 wt %, or 1.3 wt %, or 1.5 wt %, or 3 wt %, or 5 wt % of a co-agent comprising a compound of any of Structures (I)-(VI), based on the total weight of the composition. It is understood that the aggregate amount of components (A), (B), (C) and (D) and any optional additives yields 100 wt % of the composition.

Encapsulant Film 3: In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is composed of a composition comprising (A) from 95 wt % to 98.75 wt % of a non-polar ethylene-based polymer, based on the total weight of the composition, (B) from 0.75 wt % to 1.5 wt % of an organic peroxide, based on the total weight of the composition, (C) from 0.1 wt %, to 0.3 wt % of a silane coupling agent, based on the total weight of the composition, (D) from 0.4 wt % to 0.7 wt % of a co-agent comprising a compound of any of Structures (I)-(VI), based on the total weight of the composition. It is understood that the aggregate amount of components (A), (B), (C) and (D) and any optional additives yields 100 wt % of the composition.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 1.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁷         ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm to 2.0*10¹⁹         ohm·cm, or 2.5*10¹⁹ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁹         ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 2.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 7.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁷         ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁸         ohm·cm, or 7.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 and has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 1.0*10¹⁷         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 and has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of any of Structures (I)-(VI) wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is hydrogen or a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 5.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of any of Structures (I)-(VI) wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is hydrogen or a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 1.0*10¹⁷         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁, R₄ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 5.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁, R₄ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 5.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film is according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film has a thickness of from 0.25 mm, or 0.275 mm, or 0.3 mm, or 0.325 mm, or 0.35 mm, or 0.375 mm, or 0.4 mm to 0.425 mm, or 0.45 mm, or 0.475 mm, or 0.5 mm, or 0.525 mm, or 0.55 mm.

In an embodiment, encapsulant film is one layer, wherein the single layer is composed of the present composition. In an embodiment, the encapsulant film has two or more layers, wherein at least one layer is composed of the present composition.

Electronic Devices

The composition of this disclosure is used to construct an electronic device module, and particularly encapsulant film used in the construction of an electronic device module. The encapsulant film is used as one or more “skins” for the electronic device, i.e., applied to one or both face surfaces of an electronic device, e.g., as a front encapsulant film or rear encapsulant film, or as both the front encapsulant film and the rear encapsulant film, e.g., in which the electronic device is totally enclosed within the material.

In one embodiment, the electronic device module comprises (i) at least one electronic device, typically a plurality of such devices arrayed in a linear or planar pattern, (ii) at least one cover sheet, and (iii) at least one encapsulant film composed at least in part of a composition of the present disclosure. The encapsulant film is between the cover sheet and the electronic device, and the encapsulant film exhibits good adhesion to both the device and the sheet.

In an embodiment, the electronic device module comprises (i) at least one electronic device, typically a plurality of such devices arrayed in a linear or planar pattern, (ii) a front cover sheet, (iii) a front encapsulant film, (iv) a rear encapsulant film, and (v) a backsheet, with at least one of the (iii) front encapsulant film and (iv) rear encapsulant film is composed at least in part of a composition of the present disclosure. The electronic device is sandwiched between the front encapsulant film and the rear encapsulant film with the cover sheet and backsheet enclosing the front encapsulant film/electronic device/rear encapsulant film unit.

In an embodiment, the cover sheet is glass, acrylic resin, polycarbonate, polyester or fluorine-containing resin. In an embodiment, the cover sheet is glass.

In an embodiment, the back sheet is a single or multilayer film composed of glass, metal, or a polymeric resin. The back sheet is a film composed of glass or a polymeric resin. In a further embodiment, the back sheet is a multilayer film composed of a fluorine polymer layer and a polyethylene terephthalate layer.

In an embodiment, the electronic device is a solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) cell.

In an embodiment, the electronic device module is a PV module.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary PV module. The rigid PV module 10 comprises photovoltaic cell 11 (PV cell 11) surrounded or encapsulated by the front encapsulant film 12 a and rear encapsulant film 12 b. The glass cover sheet 13 covers a front surface of the portion of the front encapsulant film 12 a disposed over PV cell 11. The backsheet 14, e.g., a second glass cover sheet or polymeric substrate, supports a rear surface of the portion of the rear encapsulant film 12 b disposed on a rear surface of PV cell 11. Backsheet 14 need not be transparent if the surface of the PV cell to which it is opposed is not reactive to sunlight. In this embodiment, the encapsulant films 12 a and 12 b fully encapsulate PV cell 11. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the front encapsulant film 12 a directly contacts the glass cover sheet 13 and the rear encapsulant film 12 b directly contacts the backsheet 14. The PV cell 11 is sandwiched between the front encapsulant film 12 a and rear encapsulant film 12 b such that the front encapsulant film 12 a and rear encapsulant film 12 b are both in direct contact with the PV cell 11. The front encapsulant film 12 a and rear encapsulant film 12 b are also in direct contact with each other in locations where there is no PV cell 11.

The encapsulant film of the present disclosure can be the front encapsulant film, the rear encapsulant film, or both the front encapsulant film and the rear encapsulant film. In an embodiment, the encapsulant film of the present disclosure is the front encapsulant film. In another embodiment, the encapsulant film is both the front encapsulant film and the rear encapsulant film.

In an embodiment, the encapsulant film(s) comprising the compositions of this disclosure are applied to an electronic device by one or more lamination techniques. Through lamination, the cover sheet is brought in direct contact with a first facial surface of the encapsulant film, and the electronic device is brought in direct contact with a second facial surface of the encapsulant film. In another embodiment, the cover sheet is brought into direct contact with a first facial surface of the front encapsulant film, the back sheet is brought in direct contact with a second facial surface of the rear encapsulant film, and the electronic device(s) is secured between, and in direct contact with the second facial surface of the front encapsulant film and the first facial surface of the rear encapsulant film.

In an embodiment, the lamination temperature is sufficient to activate the organic peroxide and crosslink the composition, that is, the composition comprising the non-polar ethylene-based polymer, organic peroxide, silane coupling agent, and co-agent remains reactive until lamination when crosslinking occurs. During crosslinking, the silane coupling agent forms a chemical bond between two or more of the molecular chains of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer by way of a silane linkage. A “silane linkage” has the structure —Si—O—Si—. Each silane linkage may connect two or more, or three or more, molecular chains of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer. The silane coupling agent also interacts with the surface of the cover sheet to increase adhesion between the encapsulant film and the cover sheet. After lamination, the composition is a reaction product of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer, the organic peroxide, the silane coupling agent, and the co-agent.

In an embodiment, the lamination temperature for producing an electronic device is from 130° C., or 135° C., or 140° C., or 145° C. to 150° C., or 155° C., or 160° C. In an embodiment, the lamination time is from 8 minutes, or 10 minutes, or 12 minutes, or 15 minutes to 18 minutes, or 20 minutes, or 22 minutes, or 25 minutes.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film composed of a composition which is the reaction product of (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer, (B) an organic peroxide, (C) a silane coupling agent, and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of the Structure I, as described herein, and the encapsulant film has a glass adhesion greater than 100 N/cm, or 150 N/cm, or 200 N/cm, or 210 N/cm, or 220 N/cm to 230 N/cm, or 240 N/cm, or 250 N/cm after the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85% humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 140° for 15 minutes.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film composed of a composition which is the reaction product of (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer, (B) an organic peroxide, (C) a silane coupling agent, and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of the Structure I, as described herein, and the encapsulant film has a glass adhesion greater than 200 N/cm, or 210 N/cm, or 215 N/cm, or 220 N/cm, or 225 N/cm to 230 N/cm, or 240 N/cm, or 250 N/cm after the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85% humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 150° for 20 minutes.

In an embodiment, the electronic devices of the present disclosure include an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a glass adhesion greater than 100 N/cm, or 150 N/cm, or 200         N/cm, or 210 N/cm, or 220 N/cm to 230 N/cm, or 240 N/cm, or 250         N/cm after the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85°         C., 85% humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 140° for 15 minutes;     -   (ii) a glass adhesion greater than 200 N/cm, or 210 N/cm, or 215         N/cm, or 220 N/cm, or 225 N/cm to 230 N/cm, or 240 N/cm, or 250         N/cm after the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85°         C., 85% humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 150° for 20 minutes;     -   (iii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to         1.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm, or         5.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm to         2.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm, or 2.5*10¹⁹ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm, or         5.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (iv) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 2.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm, or 7.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm, or 1.0*10⁷ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁷         ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 5.0*10¹⁸         ohm·cm, or 7.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm, or 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having at least 2, at least 3, or all 4 of properties (i)-(iv).

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a glass adhesion greater than 150 N/cm to 240 N/cm after the         encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 140° for 15 minutes;     -   (ii) a glass adhesion greater than 215 N/cm to 250 N/cm after         the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 150° for 20 minutes;     -   (iii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to         1.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (iv) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3 having at least 2, at least 3, or all 4 of properties (i)-(iv).

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is hydrogen or a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a glass adhesion greater than 150 N/cm to 240 N/cm after the         encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 140° for 15 minutes;     -   (ii) a glass adhesion greater than 215 N/cm to 250 N/cm after         the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 150° for 20 minutes;     -   (iii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to         5.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (iv) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is hydrogen or a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has at least 2, at least 3, or all 4 of properties (i)-(iv).

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a glass adhesion greater than 150 N/cm to 240 N/cm after the         encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 140° for 15 minutes;     -   (ii) a glass adhesion greater than 215 N/cm to 250 N/cm after         the encapsulant film is subjected to damp heat (85° C., 85%         humidity, 500 hours) and aged at 150° for 20 minutes;     -   (iii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to         1.0*10¹⁷ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (iv) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprises a compound of Structure I wherein R₁-R₆ each independently is a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has at least 2, at least 3, or all 4 of properties (i)-(iv).

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁, R₄ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 5.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁, R₄ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has one, some, or all of the following properties:

-   -   (i) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 5.0*10¹⁶         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at room temperature; and     -   (ii) a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵         ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁶ ohm·cm at 60° C.

In an embodiment, the electronic device of the present disclosure includes an encapsulant film according to Encapsulant Film 1, Encapsulant Film 2, or Encapsulant Film 3, wherein the co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I wherein R₁ and R₆ are the same and each is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl, R₂ and R₅ are the same and each is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group and the encapsulant film has both properties (i) and (ii).

Some embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Materials

EVA: an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer having a density of 0.955 g/cc (measured according to ASTM D792), a melt index (MI) of 6.0 g/10 min (measured according to ASTM D1238, at 190°, 2.16 kg), and a vinyl acetate content of 28 wt % based on the total weight of the copolymer, available as Elvax 260 from DuPont.

POE: ethylene/octene copolymer (non-polar, ethylene-based polymer) having a density of 0.880 g/cc and a MI of 18.0 g/10 min

Peroxide: tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (organic peroxide available from J&K Scientific Ltd.)

VMMS: 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (silane coupling agent available from Dow Corning)

TAIC: triallyl isocyanurate (cross linking co-agent available from Fangruida Chemicals Co., Ltd.)

HAM: hexaallylmelamine (or N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexaallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine)

HPM: hexapropylmelamine (or N2,N2,N4,N4,N6,N6-hexapropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine)

UV 3346: poly[(6-morpholino-s-triazine-2,4-diyl)[2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinylimino]-hexamethylene[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) imino]]

Chimassorb 2020: 1,6-hexanediamine, N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-1-butanamine and N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine (hindered amine light stabilizer from BASF)

Melamine: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.)

Sample Preparation

Compositions are prepared according to Table 1, below, by first pre-mixing the organic peroxide, silane coupling agent and co-agent(s) at the desired percentages set forth in Table 1 in a sealable bottle. Dry pellets of EVA or POE, depending on the example (see Table 1), are put in the bottle and the bottle is shaken 1 minute. The bottle is then placed in a 40° C. oven and the pellets allowed to soak for an initial 60 minutes, with the bottle shaken every 10 minutes during pellet soaking to keep a homogenous distribution of the curing package (i.e., organic peroxide, silane coupling agent and co-agent(s)). After the initial 60 minutes, the bottle is kept in the oven at 40° C. overnight (15-20 hours).

To produce films, the soaked pellets are fed into a Brabender single screw mixer at 100° C. with a rotor speed of 40 rpm. Films having a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm are prepared and kept in an aluminum foil bag until testing.

The films are compression molded into a 0.5 mm film. The sample film is preheated at 120° C. for 5 minutes, then degassed followed by the 15 minute pressing process at 150° C. to insure complete curing. The samples are then ramped down to room temperature. Compression molded films are used for the volume resistivity tests.

To produce laminated articles, 6-inch square glass sheets are cleaned using water and dried. Pieces of backsheet material are cut into 6-inch squares. Prepared films are then cut into pieces to fit the size of the glass and backsheet. The materials are then layered in the following order and laminated using a PENERGY L036 laminator: (i) glass, (ii) prepared film, (iii) backsheet. Two different lamination conditions are used for comparison to test glass adhesion. To produce a first set of laminated articles, the layers are laminated at 140° C. for 15 minutes (4 minutes vacuum processing and 11 minutes pressing). To produce a second set of laminated articles, the layers are laminated at 150° C. for 20 minutes (4 minutes vacuum processing and 16 minutes pressing).

TABLE 1 Component CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 IE1 EVA (wt %) 100 98.25 POE (wt %) 100 98.25 98.25 Peroxide (wt %) 1 1 1 VMMS (wt %) 0.25 0.25 0.25 TAIC (wt %) 0.5 HAM (wt %) 0.5 0.5 HPM (wt %) UV 3346 (wt %) Chimassorb 2020 (wt %) Melamine (wt %) Total 100 100 100 100 100 VR @ RT (ohm · cm) 6.4*10¹⁵ 2.7*10¹⁶ 2.5*10¹⁹ VR @ 60° C. (ohm · cm) 7.8*10¹³ 1.1*10¹⁴ 1.0*10¹⁵ 1.3*10¹⁵ 4.9*10¹⁶ MH (dNm) 2.8 2.0 t₉₀ (minutes) 13.0 6.7 Lamination at Glass Adhesion, Initial 231 292 140° C./15 min (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 500 hrs @ 75 236 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 1000 hrs @ 140 164 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Lamination at Glass Adhesion, Initial 245 276 150° C./20 min (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 500 hrs @ 208 243 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 1000 hrs @ 115 208 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Component IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 EVA (wt %) POE (wt %) 98.25 98.25 98.25 98.25 98.25 Peroxide (wt %) 1 1 1 1 1 VMMS (wt %) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 TAIC (wt %) 0.25 HAM (wt %) 0.25 HPM (wt %) 0.5 UV 3346 (wt %) 0.5 Chimassorb 2020 (wt %) 0.5 Melamine (wt %) 0.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 VR @ RT (ohm · cm) 3.9*10¹⁷ 3.9*10¹⁷ 9.9*10¹⁶ 8.8*10¹⁶ VR @ 60° C. (ohm · cm) 1.0*10¹⁸ 3.6*10¹⁶ 1.2*10¹⁶ 3.2*10¹⁵ 3.9*10¹⁵ MH (dNm) 2.4 t₉₀ (minutes) 9.4 Lamination at Glass Adhesion, Initial 171 140° C./15 min (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 500 hrs @ 194 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 1000 hrs @ 124 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Lamination at Glass Adhesion, Initial 218 150° C./20 min (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 500 hrs @ 215 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) Glass Adhesion, 1000 hrs @ 124 85° C., 85% humidity (Newton/cm) CE = comparative example IE = inventive example

CE1 shows the VR of EVA film without additives. The addition of HAM (a co-agent representative of the present disclosure) to EVA shows only a minor improvement in VR (see CE2). The VR of POE (a non-polar ethylene-based polymer) film without additives is shown by CE3. The addition of TAIC, a co-agent commonly used with EVA films, causes only a minor improvement in VR (see CE4).

The inventive examples show that the VR of POE in combination with a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I or Structure II (as described herein) is improved compared to using TAIC alone. The inventive examples also show that the VR of POE in combination with a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I or Structure II (as described herein) is improved compared to an EVA formulation using a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I or Structure II.

IE1 uses HAM (a co-agent representative of the present disclosure) in a non-polar ethylene-based polymer film. The VR of IE1 is approximately three orders of magnitude greater than CE4 (same non-polar ethylene-based polymer film+TAIC) at room temperature and an order of magnitude greater than CE4 at 60° C. (2.5*10¹⁹ vs 2.7*10¹⁶ at room temperature and 4.9*10¹⁶ vs 1.3*10¹⁵ at 60° C.). The improvement of IE1 at 60° C. is also significant compared to CE3 which uses the same non-polar ethylene-based polymer film with no additives (4.9*10¹⁶ vs 1.0*10¹⁵). The combination of HAM with TAIC (IE2) also results in a significant increase of the VR at both room temperature and 60° C. The VR of IE2 at room temperature is too high and above the instrument test limit, so no value is reported in Table 1. The addition of HPM to a non-polar ethylene-based polymer (IE3) also shows significant VR improvement on the scale of one order of magnitude compared to CE4 at both room temperature and 60° C. IE6 uses melamine in a non-polar ethylene-based polymer film, and the VR of IE6 is similarly improved at both room temperature and 60° C.

IE4 and IE5 use oligomeric or polymeric forms of the compounds of Structure I and Structure II, respectively, as a co-agent. IE4, which uses a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I, shows significant VR improvement on the scale of one order of magnitude compared to CE4 at both room temperature and 60° C. IE5, which uses a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure II, shows a VR improvement of about 3.7× at room temperature and approximately 2.5 at 60° C. compared to CE4.

Non-polar ethylene-based polymer materials show limited, if any, adhesion to glass surfaces when untreated. The organic peroxide and silane coupling agent are therefore used to crosslink and functionalize the non-polar polyethylene-based polymer and thereby achieve acceptable glass adhesion. The co-agent is used to promote the curing. As shown in Table 1, IE1 and IE2 show generally improved adhesion compared to CE4 (non-polar ethylene-based polymer+TAIC) over the range of conditions identified. Specifically, both IE1 and IE2 show improved adhesion after aging 500 hours for both lamination conditions compared to CE4. Moreover, CE4 shows a significant decrease in glass adhesion after aging for both lamination conditions, while IE1 and IE2 maintain improved glass adhesion after aging.

Moreover, IE1 shows a shorter t₉₀ than CE2, indicating faster curing.

It is specifically intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An encapsulant film comprising a composition, the composition comprising: (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₆ each is independently selected from the group consisting of a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁-C₃₆ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and combinations thereof.
 2. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene homopolymer and an ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
 3. The encapsulant film of claim 2, wherein the non-polar ethylene-based polymer is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/alpha-olefin random copolymer and an ethylene/alpha-olefin block copolymer.
 4. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises: (A) from 50 wt % to 99 wt % of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer based on the total weight of the composition; (B) from 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % of the organic peroxide based on the total weight of the composition; (C) from 0.01 wt % to 2 wt % of the silane coupling agent based on the total weight of the composition; and (D) from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt % of the co-agent based on the total weight of the composition.
 5. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ hydrocarbyl group.
 6. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein each of R₁, R₄ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group.
 7. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein each of R₁ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group.
 8. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein the co-agent comprises from greater than 20 wt % to less than 100 wt % of the compound of Structure I based on the total weight of the co-agent.
 9. The encapsulant film of claim 1 having a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm at 60° C. to 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at 60° C.
 10. The encapsulant film of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises (A) from 95 wt % to 98.75 wt % of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer based on the total weight of the composition; (B) from 0.75 wt % to 1.5 wt % of the organic peroxide based on the total weight of the composition; (C) from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt % of the silane coupling agent based on the total weight of the composition; and (D) from 0.4 wt % to 0.7 wt % of the co-agent based on the total weight of the composition, and wherein the encapsulant film has a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.
 11. An electronic device module comprising: an electronic device, and at least one film composed of a crosslinked polymeric composition comprising which is the reaction product of a composition comprising (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein R₁-R₆ each is independently selected from the group consisting of a C₁-C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁-C₃₆ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and combinations thereof.
 12. The electronic device module of claim 11, wherein the at least one film has a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm at 60° C. to 1.0*10¹⁹ ohm·cm at 60° C.
 13. The electronic device module of claim 11, wherein the crosslinked polymeric composition is a reaction product of (A) from 95 wt % to 98.75 wt % of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer based on the total weight of the composition; (B) from 0.75 wt % to 1.5 wt % of an organic peroxide based on the total weight of the composition; (C) from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt % of the silane coupling agent based on the total weight of the composition; and (D) from 0.4 wt % to 0.7 wt % of the co-agent based on the total weight of the composition, and wherein the at least one film has a volume resistivity from greater than or equal to 3.0*10¹⁵ ohm·cm to 3.0*10¹⁸ ohm·cm at 60° C.
 14. The electronic device module of claim 11 wherein the electronic device is a photovoltaic cell.
 15. The encapsulant film of claim 1 comprising from 95 wt % to 99.5 wt of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer (A).
 16. The electronic device of claim 11 comprising from 95 wt % to 99.5 wt of the non-polar ethylene-based polymer (A).
 17. An encapsulant film comprising composition, the composition comprising: (A) a non-polar ethylene-based polymer; (B) an organic peroxide; (C) a silane coupling agent; and (D) a co-agent comprising a compound of Structure I

wherein (i) each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ hydrocarbyl group, or (ii) each of R₁, R₄ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group, or (iii) each of R₁ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group.
 18. The encapsulant film of claim 17 wherein each of R₁-R₆ is a C₃ hydrocarbyl group.
 19. The encapsulant film of claim 17 wherein each of R₁, R₄ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, and R₃ is a C₄ hydrocarbyl group.
 20. The encapsulant film of claim 17 wherein each of R₁ and R₆ is the same and is a C₉ substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R₂ and R₅ is the same and is a C₃₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group, R₃ is hydrogen, and R₄ is a C₄ substituted hydrocarbyl group. 